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    New insights into the causes of human illness due to consumption of azaspiracid contaminated shellfish

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    Chevalier at al. New insights ...
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    Author
    Chevallier, O.P.
    Graham, S.F.
    Alonso, E.
    Duffy, C.
    Silke, J.
    Campbell, K.
    Botana, L.M.
    Elliott, C.T.
    Keyword
    Azaspiracid
    Shellfish
    Date
    2015
    Publisher
    Nature Publishing Group
    
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    Abstract
    Azaspiracid (AZA) poisoning was unknown until 1995 when shellfish harvested in Ireland caused illness manifesting by vomiting and diarrhoea. Further in vivo/vitro studies showed neurotoxicity linked with AZA exposure. However, the biological target of the toxin which will help explain such potent neurological activity is still unknown. A region of Irish coastline was selected and shellfish were sampled and tested for AZA using mass spectrometry. An outbreak was identified in 2010 and samples collected before and after the contamination episode were compared for their metabolite profile using high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty eight ions were identified at higher concentration in the contaminated samples. Stringent bioinformatic analysis revealed putative identifications for seven compounds including, glutarylcarnitine, a glutaric acid metabolite. Glutaric acid, the parent compound linked with human neurological manifestations was subjected to toxicological investigations but was found to have no specific effect on the sodium channel (as was the case with AZA). However in combination, glutaric acid (1mM) and azaspiracid (50nM) inhibited the activity of the sodium channel by over 50%. Glutaric acid was subsequently detected in all shellfish employed in the study. For the first time a viable mechanism for how AZA manifests itself as a toxin is presented.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10793/1265
    Description
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder in order to reproduce the material.
    Citation
    Chevallier, O.P., Graham, S.F., Alonso, E., Duffy, C., Silke, J., Campbell, K., Botana, L.M. and Elliott, C.T. (2015). New insights into the causes of human illness due to consumption of azaspiracid contaminated shellfish. Scientific reports, 5(9818) DOI:10.1038/srep09818
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