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    Dissolved azaspiracids are absorbed and metabolized by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)

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    Author
    Jauffrais, T.
    Kilcoyne, J.
    Herrenknecht, C.
    Truquet, P.
    Séchet, V.
    Miles, C.O.
    Hess, P.
    Keyword
    Dissolved marine biotoxins
    AZA
    Tissue distribution
    Bivalve molluscs
    LC–MS/MS
    Azaspiracid
    Date
    2013
    Publisher
    Elsevier
    
    Metadata
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    Abstract
    The relationship between azaspiracid shellfish poisoning and a small dinoflagellate, Azadinium spinosum, has been shown recently. The organism produces AZA1 and -2, while AZA3 and other analogues are metabolic products formed in shellfish. We evaluated whether mussels were capable of accumulating dissolved AZA1 and -2, and compared the toxin profiles of these mussels at 24 h with profiles of those exposed to live or lysed A. spinosum. We also assessed the possibility of preparative production of AZA metabolites by exposing mussels to semi-purified AZA1. We exposed mussels to similar concentration of AZAs: dissolved AZA1 + 2 (crude extract) at 7.5 and 0.75 μg L−1, dissolved AZA1+2 (7.5 μg L−1) in combination with Isochrysis affinis galbana, and lysed and live A. spinosum cells at 1 × 105 and 1 × 104 cell mL−1 (containing equivalent amounts of AZA1 + 2). Subsequently, we dissected and analysed digestive glands, gills and remaining flesh. Mussels (whole flesh) accumulated AZAs to levels above the regulatory limit, except at the lower levels of dissolved AZAs. The toxin profile of the mussels varied significantly with treatment. The gills contained 42–46% and the digestive glands 23–24% of the total toxin load using dissolved AZAs, compared to 3–12% and 75–90%, respectively, in mussels exposed to live A. spinosum. Exposure of mussels to semi-purified AZA1 produced the metabolites AZA17 (16.5%) and AZA3 (1.7%) after 4 days of exposure, but the conversion efficiency was too low to justify using this procedure for preparative isolation.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10793/1068
    Description
    NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Toxicon. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Toxicon, Volume 65, April 2013, Pages 81–89, doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.010
    Citation
    Jauffrais, T., Kilcoyne, J., Herrenknecht, C., Truquet, P., Séchet, V., Miles, C. O., & Hess, P. (2013). Dissolved azaspiracids are absorbed and metabolized by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Toxicon, 65, 81-89.
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